DSC Recommended Literature¶

Key manuscripts in perfusion MRI, curated by OSIPI Task Force 5.2 for those getting started.

Text books¶

• Editor: Paul Tofts. Quantitative MRI of the Brain: Measuring Changes Caused by Disease, chapter 11. First published August 2003.
• Peter B. Barker, Xavier Golay and Gregory Zaharchuk. Clinical Perfusion MRI: Techniques and Applications. Cambridge University Press. Online publication date May 2013.
• Saremi, Farhood. Perfusion Imaging in Clinical Practice: A Multimodality Approach to Tissue Perfusion Analysis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW). First edition. 2015 ISBN: 9781451193169
• Editors: Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng, ‪Gustav J. Strijkers. Quantitative Perfusion MRI: Techniques, Applications and Practical Considerations. First edition. August 22, 2023. ISBN: 9780323952095

Review papers¶

• Zaharchuk G. Theoretical basis of hemodynamic MR imaging techniques to measure cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and permeability. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007 Nov-Dec;28(10):1850-8.
• Calamante F. Perfusion MRI using dynamic-susceptibility contrast MRI: quantification issues in patient studies. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Apr;21(2):75-85.
• McGehee BE, Pollock JM, Maldjian JA. Brain perfusion imaging: How does it work and what should I use? J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Dec;36(6):1257-72.
• Willats L, Calamante F. The 39 steps: evading error and deciphering the secrets for accurate dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. NMR in Biomedicine. 2013.
• Essig M, Shiroishi MS, Nguyen TB, Saake M, Provenzale JM, Enterline D, Anzalone N, Dörfler A, Rovira A, Wintermark M, Law M. Perfusion MRI: the five most frequently asked technical questions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Jan;200(1):24-34.
• Jahng GH, Li KL, Ostergaard L, Calamante F. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive update on principles and techniques. Korean J Radiol. 2014 Sep-Oct;15(5):554-77.
• Welker K, Boxerman J, Kalnin A, Kaufmann T, Shiroishi M, Wintermark M. ASFNR recommendations for clinical performance of MR dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging of the brain. American Society of Functional Neuroradiology MR Perfusion Standards and Practice Subcommittee of the ASFNR Clinical Practice Committee. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Jun;36(6):E41-51.
• Chakravorty A, Steel T, Chaganti J. Accuracy of percentage of signal intensity recovery and relative cerebral blood volume derived from dynamic susceptibility-weighted, contrast-enhanced MRI in the preoperative diagnosis of cerebral tumours. Neuroradiol J. 2015 Dec;28(6):574-83.
• Shiroishi MS, Castellazzi G, Boxerman JL, D'Amore F, Essig M, Nguyen TB, Provenzale JM, Enterline DS, Anzalone N, Dörfler A, Rovira À, Wintermark M, Law M. Principles of T2 *-weighted dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI technique in brain tumor imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015 Feb;41(2):296-313.
• Fu R, Szidonya L, Barajas RF Jr, Ambady P, Varallyay C, Neuwelt EA. Diagnostic performance of DSC perfusion MRI to distinguish tumor progression and treatment-related changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurooncol Adv. 2022 Mar 1;4(1):vdac027.

Acquisition and image readout strategies for DSC¶

• Simonsen CZ, Ostergaard L, Smith DF, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Gyldensted C. Comparison of gradient- and spin-echo imaging: CBF, CBV, and MTT measurements by bolus tracking. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000 Sep;12(3):411-6.
• Skinner JT, Robison RK, Elder CP, Newton AT, Damon BM, Quarles CC. Evaluation of a multiple spin- and gradient-echo (SAGE) EPI acquisition with SENSE acceleration: applications for perfusion imaging in and outside the brain. Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 Dec;32(10):1171-80.
• Stokes AM, Quarles CC. A Simplified Spin and Gradient Echo Approach for Brain Tumor Perfusion Imaging. MRM. 2016.
• Bell LC, Does MD, Stokes AM, Baxter LC, Schmainda KM, Dueck AC, Quarles CC. Optimization of DSC MRI Echo Times for CBV Measurements Using Error Analysis in a Pilot Study of High-Grade Gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017 Sep;38(9):1710-1715.
• Schmainda KM, Prah MA, Hu LS, Quarles CC, Semmineh N, Rand SD, Connelly JM, Anderies B, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Logan B, Stokes A, Baird G, Boxerman JL. Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low-Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019 Apr;40(4):626-633.
• Boxerman JL, Quarles CC, Hu LS, Erickson BJ, Gerstner ER, Smits M, Kaufmann TJ, Barboriak DP, Huang RH, Wick W, Weller M, Galanis E, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Shankar L, Jacobs P, Chung C, van den Bent MJ, Chang S, Al Yung WK, Cloughesy TF, Wen PY, Gilbert MR, Rosen BR, Ellingson BM, Schmainda KM. Consensus recommendations for a dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI protocol for use in high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2020 Sep 29;22(9):1262-1275.
• Han M, Yang B, Fernandez B, Lafontaine M, Alcaide-Leon P, Jakary A, Burns BL, Morrison MA, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Chang SM, Banerjee S, Lupo JM. Simultaneous multi-slice spin- and gradient-echo dynamic susceptibility-contrast perfusion-weighted MRI of gliomas. NMR in Biomedicine. 2021.
• Stokes AM, Bergamino M, Alhilali L, Hu LS, Karis JP, Baxter LC, Bell LC, Quarles CC. Evaluation of single bolus, dual-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI protocols in brain tumor patients. JCBFM. 2021.
• Stokes AM, Ragunathan S, Robison RK, Fuentes A, Bell LC, Karis JP, Pipe JG, Quarles CC. Development of a spiral spin- and gradient- echo (spiral- SAGE) approach for improved multi- parametric dynamic contrast neuroimaging. MRM. 2021.

(Clinical) applications of DSC imaging¶

• Rempp KA, Brix G, Wenz F, Becker CR, Gückel F, Lorenz WJ. Quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and volume with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1994 Dec;193(3):637-41.
• Nasel C, Boubela R, Kalcher K, Moser E. Normalised time-to-peak-distribution curves correlate with cerebral white matter hyperintensities – Could this improve early diagnosis? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 Feb;37(2):444-455.
• Law M, Young R, Babb J, Pollack E, Johnson G. Histogram Analysis versus Region of Interest Analysis of Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion MR Imaging Data in the Grading of Cerebral Gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007 Apr;28(4):761-6.
• Schmainda KM, Zhang Z, Prah M, Snyder BS, Gilbert MR, Sorensen AG, Barboriak DP, Boxerman JL. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI measures of relative cerebral blood volume as a prognostic marker for overall survival in recurrent glioblastoma: results from the ACRIN 6677/RTOG 0625 multicenter trial. Neuro Oncol. 2015 Aug;17(8):1148-56.
• Zhang J, Liu H, Tong H, Wang S, Yang Y, Liu G, Zhang W. Clinical Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MRI Techniques in Gliomas: Recent Advances and Current Challenges. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2017 Mar 20;2017:7064120.
• Patel P, Baradaran H, Delgado D, Askin G, Christos P, John Tsiouris A, Gupta A. MR perfusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of high-grade gliomas after treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2017 Jan;19(1):118-127.
• Hempel JM, Schittenhelm J, Klose U, Bender B, Bier G, Skardelly M, Tabatabai G, Castaneda Vega S, Ernemann U, Brendle C. In Vivo Molecular Profiling of Human Glioma : Cross-Sectional Observational Study Using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging. Clin Neuroradiol. 2019 Sep;29(3):479-491.
• Choi KS, Choi SH, Jeong B. Prediction of IDH genotype in gliomas with dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging using an explainable recurrent neural network. Neuro Oncol. 2019 Sep 6;21(9):1197-1209.
• Quarles CC, Bell LC, Stokes AM. Imaging vascular and hemodynamic features of the brain using dynamic susceptibility contrast and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. Neuroimage. 2019 Feb 15;187:32-55.
• Chakhoyan A, Yao J, Leu K, Pope WB, Salamon N, Yong W, Lai A, Nghiemphu PL, Everson RG, Prins RM, Liau LM, Nathanson DA, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM. Validation of vessel size imaging (VsI) in high-grade human gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging, image-guided biopsies, and quantitative immunohistochemistry. Sci Rep 9, 2846 (2019).
• Ozturk K, Soylu E, Cayci Z. Correlation between dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI and genomic alterations in glioblastoma. Neuroradiology. 2021 Nov;63(11):1801-1810.
• Quan G, Zhang K, Liu Y, Ren JL, Huang D, Wang W, Yuan T. Role of Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion MRI in Glioma Progression Evaluation. J Oncol. 2021 Feb 9;2021:1696387.
• Anil A, Stokes AM, Chao R, Hu LS, Alhilali L, Karis JP, Bell LC, Quarles CC. Identification of single-dose, dual-echo based CBV threshold for fractional tumor burden mapping in recurrent glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2023 Jan 17;13:1046629.

Modeling of contrast agent induced MR signal changes¶

• Boxerman JL, Hamberg LM, Rosen BR, Weisskoff RM. MR contrast due to intravascular magnetic susceptibility perturbations. Magn Reson Med. 1995 Oct;34(4):555-66.
• Ostergaard L, Weisskoff RM, Chesler DA, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: Mathematical approach and statistical analysis. Magn Reson Med. 1996 Nov;36(5):715-25.
• Ostergaard L, Sorensen AG, Kwong KK, Weisskoff RM, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part II: Experimental comparison and preliminary results. Magn Reson Med. 1996 Nov;36(5):726-36.
• Kiselev VG. On the theoretical basis of perfusion measurements by dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Dec;46(6):1113-22.
• van Osch MJ, Vonken EJ, Bakker CJ, Viergever MA. Correcting Partial Volume Artifacts of the Arterial Input Function in Quantitative Cerebral Perfusion MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Mar;45(3):477-85.
• Wu O, Østergaard L, Weisskoff RM, Benner T, Rosen BR, Sorensen AG. Tracer arrival timing-insensitive technique for estimating flow in MR perfusion-weighted imaging using singular value decomposition with a block-circulant deconvolution matrix. Magn Reson Med. 2003 Jul;50(1):164-74.
• Carroll TJ, Rowley HA, Haughton VM. Automatic calculation of the arterial input function for cerebral perfusion imaging with MR imaging. Radiology. 2003 May;227(2):593-600.
• Conturo TE, Akbudak E, Kotys MS, Chen ML, Chun SJ, Hsu RM, Sweeney CC, Markham J. Arterial Input Functions for Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI: Requirements and Signal Options. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Dec;22(6):697-703.
• Bleeker EJ, van Buchem MA, van Osch MJ. Optimal location for arterial input function measurements near the middle cerebral artery in first-pass perfusion MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Apr;29(4):840-52.
• Calamante F. Arterial input function in perfusion MRI: a comprehensive review. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc. 2013 Oct;74:1-32.
• Mehndiratta A, Calamante F, MacIntosh BJ, Crane DE, Payne SJ, Chappell MA. Modeling and correction of bolus dispersion effects in dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2014 Dec;72(6):1762-74.
• Newton AT, Pruthi S, Stokes AM, Skinner JT, Quarles CC. Improving Perfusion Measurement in DSC–MR Imaging with Multiecho Information for Arterial Input Function Determination. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Jul;37(7):1237-43.

Processing and analyzing DSC images¶

• Boxerman JL, Schmainda KM, Weisskoff RM. Relative cerebral blood volume maps corrected for contrast agent extravasation significantly correlate with glioma tumor grade, whereas uncorrected maps do not. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006 Apr;27(4):859-67.
• Jochimsen TH, Newbould RD, Skare ST, Clayton DB, Albers GW, Moseley ME, Bammer R. Identifying systematic errors in quantitative dynamic-susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging by high-resolution multi-echo parallel EPI. NMR Biomed. 2007 Jun;20(4):429-38.
• Quarles CC, Gochberg DF, Gore JC, Yankeelov TE. A theoretical framework to model DSC-MRI data acquired in the presence of contrast agent extravasation. Phys Med Biol. 2009 Oct 7;54(19):5749-66.
• Bjørnerud A, Emblem KE. A fully automated method for quantitative cerebral hemodynamic analysis using DSC-MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 May;30(5):1066-78.
• Bell LC, Stokes AM, Quarles CC. Analysis of postprocessing steps for residue function dependent dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI biomarkers and their clinical impact on glioma grading for both 1.5 and 3T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging (2019), 51: 547-553.
• Hovden IT, Geier OM, Digernes I, Fuster-Garcia E, Løvland G, Vik-Mo E, Meling TR, Emblem KE. The impact of EPI-based distortion correction of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI on cerebral blood volume estimation in patients with glioblastoma. Eur J Radiol. 2020 Nov;132:109278.